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use 5.008001;
package YAML;
use YAML::Mo;
our $VERSION = '0.84';
use Exporter;
push @YAML::ISA, 'Exporter';
our @EXPORT = qw{ Dump Load };
our @EXPORT_OK = qw{ freeze thaw DumpFile LoadFile Bless Blessed };
use YAML::Node; # XXX This is a temp fix for Module::Build
# XXX This VALUE nonsense needs to go.
use constant VALUE => "\x07YAML\x07VALUE\x07";
# YAML Object Properties
has dumper_class => default => sub {'YAML::Dumper'};
has loader_class => default => sub {'YAML::Loader'};
has dumper_object => default => sub {$_[0]->init_action_object("dumper")};
has loader_object => default => sub {$_[0]->init_action_object("loader")};
sub Dump {
my $yaml = YAML->new;
$yaml->dumper_class($YAML::DumperClass)
if $YAML::DumperClass;
return $yaml->dumper_object->dump(@_);
}
sub Load {
my $yaml = YAML->new;
$yaml->loader_class($YAML::LoaderClass)
if $YAML::LoaderClass;
return $yaml->loader_object->load(@_);
}
{
no warnings 'once';
# freeze/thaw is the API for Storable string serialization. Some
# modules make use of serializing packages on if they use freeze/thaw.
*freeze = \ &Dump;
*thaw = \ &Load;
}
sub DumpFile {
my $OUT;
my $filename = shift;
if (ref $filename eq 'GLOB') {
$OUT = $filename;
}
else {
my $mode = '>';
if ($filename =~ /^\s*(>{1,2})\s*(.*)$/) {
($mode, $filename) = ($1, $2);
}
open $OUT, $mode, $filename
or YAML::Mo::Object->die('YAML_DUMP_ERR_FILE_OUTPUT', $filename, $!);
}
binmode $OUT, ':utf8'; # if $Config{useperlio} eq 'define';
local $/ = "\n"; # reset special to "sane"
print $OUT Dump(@_);
}
sub LoadFile {
my $IN;
my $filename = shift;
if (ref $filename eq 'GLOB') {
$IN = $filename;
}
else {
open $IN, '<', $filename
or YAML::Mo::Object->die('YAML_LOAD_ERR_FILE_INPUT', $filename, $!);
}
binmode $IN, ':utf8'; # if $Config{useperlio} eq 'define';
return Load(do { local $/; <$IN> });
}
sub init_action_object {
my $self = shift;
my $object_class = (shift) . '_class';
my $module_name = $self->$object_class;
eval "require $module_name";
$self->die("Error in require $module_name - $@")
if $@ and "$@" !~ /Can't locate/;
my $object = $self->$object_class->new;
$object->set_global_options;
return $object;
}
my $global = {};
sub Bless {
require YAML::Dumper::Base;
YAML::Dumper::Base::bless($global, @_)
}
sub Blessed {
require YAML::Dumper::Base;
YAML::Dumper::Base::blessed($global, @_)
}
sub global_object { $global }
1;
__END__
=encoding utf8
=head1 NAME
YAML - YAML Ain't Markup Language (tm)
=head1 NOTE
This module has been released to CPAN as YAML::Old, and soon YAML.pm
will be changed to just be a frontend interface module for all the
various Perl YAML implementation modules, including YAML::Old.
If you want robust and fast YAML processing using the normal Dump/Load
API, please consider switching to YAML::XS. It is by far the best Perl
module for YAML at this time. It requires that you have a C compiler,
since it is written in C.
If you really need to use this version of YAML.pm it will always be
available as YAML::Old.
If you don't care which YAML module use, as long as it's the best one
installed on your system, use YAML::Any.
The rest of this documentation is left unchanged, until YAML.pm is
switched over to the new UI-only version.
=head1 SYNOPSIS
use YAML;
# Load a YAML stream of 3 YAML documents into Perl data structures.
my ($hashref, $arrayref, $string) = Load(<<'...');
---
name: ingy
age: old
weight: heavy
# I should comment that I also like pink, but don't tell anybody.
favorite colors:
- red
- green
- blue
---
- Clark Evans
- Oren Ben-Kiki
- Ingy döt Net
--- >
You probably think YAML stands for "Yet Another Markup Language". It
ain't! YAML is really a data serialization language. But if you want
to think of it as a markup, that's OK with me. A lot of people try
to use XML as a serialization format.
"YAML" is catchy and fun to say. Try it. "YAML, YAML, YAML!!!"
...
# Dump the Perl data structures back into YAML.
print Dump($string, $arrayref, $hashref);
# YAML::Dump is used the same way you'd use Data::Dumper::Dumper
use Data::Dumper;
print Dumper($string, $arrayref, $hashref);
=head1 DESCRIPTION
The YAML.pm module implements a YAML Loader and Dumper based on the YAML
1.0 specification. L<http://www.yaml.org/spec/>
YAML is a generic data serialization language that is optimized for
human readability. It can be used to express the data structures of most
modern programming languages. (Including Perl!!!)
For information on the YAML syntax, please refer to the YAML
specification.
=head1 WHY YAML IS COOL
=over 4
=item YAML is readable for people.
It makes clear sense out of complex data structures. You should find
that YAML is an exceptional data dumping tool. Structure is shown
through indentation, YAML supports recursive data, and hash keys are
sorted by default. In addition, YAML supports several styles of scalar
formatting for different types of data.
=item YAML is editable.
YAML was designed from the ground up to be an excellent syntax for
configuration files. Almost all programs need configuration files, so
why invent a new syntax for each one? And why subject users to the
complexities of XML or native Perl code?
=item YAML is multilingual.
Yes, YAML supports Unicode. But I'm actually referring to programming
languages. YAML was designed to meet the serialization needs of Perl,
Python, Ruby, Tcl, PHP, Javascript and Java. It was also designed to be
interoperable between those languages. That means YAML serializations
produced by Perl can be processed by Python.
=item YAML is taint safe.
Using modules like Data::Dumper for serialization is fine as long as you
can be sure that nobody can tamper with your data files or
transmissions. That's because you need to use Perl's C<eval()> built-in
to deserialize the data. Somebody could add a snippet of Perl to erase
your files.
YAML's parser does not need to eval anything.
=item YAML is full featured.
YAML can accurately serialize all of the common Perl data structures and
deserialize them again without losing data relationships. Although it is
not 100% perfect (no serializer is or can be perfect), it fares as well
as the popular current modules: Data::Dumper, Storable, XML::Dumper and
Data::Denter.
YAML.pm also has the ability to handle code (subroutine) references and
typeglobs. (Still experimental) These features are not found in Perl's
other serialization modules.
=item YAML is extensible.
The YAML language has been designed to be flexible enough to solve it's
own problems. The markup itself has 3 basic construct which resemble
Perl's hash, array and scalar. By default, these map to their Perl
equivalents. But each YAML node also supports a tagging mechanism (type
system) which can cause that node to be interpreted in a completely
different manner. That's how YAML can support object serialization and
oddball structures like Perl's typeglob.
=back
=head1 YAML IMPLEMENTATIONS IN PERL
This module, YAML.pm, is really just the interface module for YAML
modules written in Perl. The basic interface for YAML consists of two
functions: C<Dump> and C<Load>. The real work is done by the modules
YAML::Dumper and YAML::Loader.
Different YAML module distributions can be created by subclassing
YAML.pm and YAML::Loader and YAML::Dumper. For example, YAML-Simple
consists of YAML::Simple YAML::Dumper::Simple and YAML::Loader::Simple.
Why would there be more than one implementation of YAML? Well, despite
YAML's offering of being a simple data format, YAML is actually very
deep and complex. Implementing the entirety of the YAML specification is
a daunting task.
For this reason I am currently working on 3 different YAML implementations.
=over
=item YAML
The main YAML distribution will keeping evolving to support the entire
YAML specification in pure Perl. This may not be the fastest or most
stable module though. Currently, YAML.pm has lots of known bugs. It is
mostly a great tool for dumping Perl data structures to a readable form.
=item YAML::Tiny
The point of YAML::Tiny is to strip YAML down to the 90% that people
use most and offer that in a small, fast, stable, pure Perl form.
YAML::Tiny will simply die when it is asked to do something it can't.
=item YAML::Syck
C<libsyck> is the C based YAML processing library used by the Ruby
programming language (and also Python, PHP and Pugs). YAML::Syck is the
Perl binding to C<libsyck>. It should be very fast, but may have
problems of its own. It will also require C compilation.
NOTE: Audrey Tang has actually completed this module and it works great
and is 10 times faster than YAML.pm.
=back
In the future, there will likely be even more YAML modules. Remember,
people other than Ingy are allowed to write YAML modules!
=head1 FUNCTIONAL USAGE
YAML is completely OO under the hood. Still it exports a few useful top
level functions so that it is dead simple to use. These functions just
do the OO stuff for you. If you want direct access to the OO API see the
documentation for YAML::Dumper and YAML::Loader.
=head2 Exported Functions
The following functions are exported by YAML.pm by default. The reason
they are exported is so that YAML works much like Data::Dumper. If you
don't want functions to be imported, just use YAML with an empty
import list:
use YAML ();
=over 4
=item Dump(list-of-Perl-data-structures)
Turn Perl data into YAML. This function works very much like
Data::Dumper::Dumper(). It takes a list of Perl data strucures and
dumps them into a serialized form. It returns a string containing the
YAML stream. The structures can be references or plain scalars.
=item Load(string-containing-a-YAML-stream)
Turn YAML into Perl data. This is the opposite of Dump. Just like
Storable's thaw() function or the eval() function in relation to
Data::Dumper. It parses a string containing a valid YAML stream into a
list of Perl data structures.
=back
=head2 Exportable Functions
These functions are not exported by default but you can request them in
an import list like this:
use YAML qw'freeze thaw Bless';
=over 4
=item freeze() and thaw()
Aliases to Dump() and Load() for Storable fans. This will also allow
YAML.pm to be plugged directly into modules like POE.pm, that use the
freeze/thaw API for internal serialization.
=item DumpFile(filepath, list)
Writes the YAML stream to a file instead of just returning a string.
=item LoadFile(filepath)
Reads the YAML stream from a file instead of a string.
=item Bless(perl-node, [yaml-node | class-name])
Associate a normal Perl node, with a yaml node. A yaml node is an object
tied to the YAML::Node class. The second argument is either a yaml node
that you've already created or a class (package) name that supports a
yaml_dump() function. A yaml_dump() function should take a perl node and
return a yaml node. If no second argument is provided, Bless will create
a yaml node. This node is not returned, but can be retrieved with the
Blessed() function.
Here's an example of how to use Bless. Say you have a hash containing
three keys, but you only want to dump two of them. Furthermore the keys
must be dumped in a certain order. Here's how you do that:
use YAML qw(Dump Bless);
$hash = {apple => 'good', banana => 'bad', cauliflower => 'ugly'};
print Dump $hash;
Bless($hash)->keys(['banana', 'apple']);
print Dump $hash;
produces:
---
apple: good
banana: bad
cauliflower: ugly
---
banana: bad
apple: good
Bless returns the tied part of a yaml-node, so that you can call the
YAML::Node methods. This is the same thing that YAML::Node::ynode()
returns. So another way to do the above example is:
use YAML qw(Dump Bless);
use YAML::Node;
$hash = {apple => 'good', banana => 'bad', cauliflower => 'ugly'};
print Dump $hash;
Bless($hash);
$ynode = ynode(Blessed($hash));
$ynode->keys(['banana', 'apple']);
print Dump $hash;
Note that Blessing a Perl data structure does not change it anyway. The
extra information is stored separately and looked up by the Blessed
node's memory address.
=item Blessed(perl-node)
Returns the yaml node that a particular perl node is associated with
(see above). Returns undef if the node is not (YAML) Blessed.
=back
=head1 GLOBAL OPTIONS
YAML options are set using a group of global variables in the YAML
namespace. This is similar to how Data::Dumper works.
For example, to change the indentation width, do something like:
local $YAML::Indent = 3;
The current options are:
=over 4
=item DumperClass
You can override which module/class YAML uses for Dumping data.
=item LoaderClass
You can override which module/class YAML uses for Loading data.
=item Indent
This is the number of space characters to use for each indentation level
when doing a Dump(). The default is 2.
By the way, YAML can use any number of characters for indentation at any
level. So if you are editing YAML by hand feel free to do it anyway that
looks pleasing to you; just be consistent for a given level.
=item SortKeys
Default is 1. (true)
Tells YAML.pm whether or not to sort hash keys when storing a document.
YAML::Node objects can have their own sort order, which is usually what
you want. To override the YAML::Node order and sort the keys anyway, set
SortKeys to 2.
=item Stringify
Default is 0. (false)
Objects with string overloading should honor the overloading and dump the
stringification of themselves, rather than the actual object's guts.
=item UseHeader
Default is 1. (true)
This tells YAML.pm whether to use a separator string for a Dump
operation. This only applies to the first document in a stream.
Subsequent documents must have a YAML header by definition.
=item UseVersion
Default is 0. (false)
Tells YAML.pm whether to include the YAML version on the
separator/header.
--- %YAML:1.0
=item AnchorPrefix
Default is ''.
Anchor names are normally numeric. YAML.pm simply starts with '1' and
increases by one for each new anchor. This option allows you to specify a
string to be prepended to each anchor number.
=item UseCode
Setting the UseCode option is a shortcut to set both the DumpCode and
LoadCode options at once. Setting UseCode to '1' tells YAML.pm to dump
Perl code references as Perl (using B::Deparse) and to load them back
into memory using eval(). The reason this has to be an option is that
using eval() to parse untrusted code is, well, untrustworthy.
=item DumpCode
Determines if and how YAML.pm should serialize Perl code references. By
default YAML.pm will dump code references as dummy placeholders (much
like Data::Dumper). If DumpCode is set to '1' or 'deparse', code
references will be dumped as actual Perl code.
DumpCode can also be set to a subroutine reference so that you can
write your own serializing routine. YAML.pm passes you the code ref. You
pass back the serialization (as a string) and a format indicator. The
format indicator is a simple string like: 'deparse' or 'bytecode'.
=item LoadCode
LoadCode is the opposite of DumpCode. It tells YAML if and how to
deserialize code references. When set to '1' or 'deparse' it will use
C<eval()>. Since this is potentially risky, only use this option if you
know where your YAML has been.
LoadCode can also be set to a subroutine reference so that you can write
your own deserializing routine. YAML.pm passes the serialization (as a
string) and a format indicator. You pass back the code reference.
=item UseBlock
YAML.pm uses heuristics to guess which scalar style is best for a given
node. Sometimes you'll want all multiline scalars to use the 'block'
style. If so, set this option to 1.
NOTE: YAML's block style is akin to Perl's here-document.
=item UseFold
If you want to force YAML to use the 'folded' style for all multiline
scalars, then set $UseFold to 1.
NOTE: YAML's folded style is akin to the way HTML folds text,
except smarter.
=item UseAliases
YAML has an alias mechanism such that any given structure in memory gets
serialized once. Any other references to that structure are serialized
only as alias markers. This is how YAML can serialize duplicate and
recursive structures.
Sometimes, when you KNOW that your data is nonrecursive in nature, you
may want to serialize such that every node is expressed in full. (ie as
a copy of the original). Setting $YAML::UseAliases to 0 will allow you
to do this. This also may result in faster processing because the lookup
overhead is by bypassed.
THIS OPTION CAN BE DANGEROUS. *If* your data is recursive, this option
*will* cause Dump() to run in an endless loop, chewing up your computers
memory. You have been warned.
=item CompressSeries
Default is 1.
Compresses the formatting of arrays of hashes:
-
foo: bar
-
bar: foo
becomes:
- foo: bar
- bar: foo
Since this output is usually more desirable, this option is turned on by
default.
=back
=head1 YAML TERMINOLOGY
YAML is a full featured data serialization language, and thus has its
own terminology.
It is important to remember that although YAML is heavily influenced by
Perl and Python, it is a language in its own right, not merely just a
representation of Perl structures.
YAML has three constructs that are conspicuously similar to Perl's hash,
array, and scalar. They are called mapping, sequence, and string
respectively. By default, they do what you would expect. But each
instance may have an explicit or implicit tag (type) that makes it
behave differently. In this manner, YAML can be extended to represent
Perl's Glob or Python's tuple, or Ruby's Bigint.
=over 4
=item stream
A YAML stream is the full sequence of unicode characters that a YAML
parser would read or a YAML emitter would write. A stream may contain
one or more YAML documents separated by YAML headers.
---
a: mapping
foo: bar
---
- a
- sequence
=item document
A YAML document is an independent data structure representation within a
stream. It is a top level node. Each document in a YAML stream must
begin with a YAML header line. Actually the header is optional on the
first document.
---
This: top level mapping
is:
- a
- YAML
- document
=item header
A YAML header is a line that begins a YAML document. It consists of
three dashes, possibly followed by more info. Another purpose of the
header line is that it serves as a place to put top level tag and anchor
information.
--- !recursive-sequence &001
- * 001
- * 001
=item node
A YAML node is the representation of a particular data stucture. Nodes
may contain other nodes. (In Perl terms, nodes are like scalars.
Strings, arrayrefs and hashrefs. But this refers to the serialized
format, not the in-memory structure.)
=item tag
This is similar to a type. It indicates how a particular YAML node
serialization should be transferred into or out of memory. For instance
a Foo::Bar object would use the tag 'perl/Foo::Bar':
- !perl/Foo::Bar
foo: 42
bar: stool
=item collection
A collection is the generic term for a YAML data grouping. YAML has two
types of collections: mappings and sequences. (Similar to hashes and arrays)
=item mapping
A mapping is a YAML collection defined by unordered key/value pairs with
unique keys. By default YAML mappings are loaded into Perl hashes.
a mapping:
foo: bar
two: times two is 4
=item sequence
A sequence is a YAML collection defined by an ordered list of elements. By
default YAML sequences are loaded into Perl arrays.
a sequence:
- one bourbon
- one scotch
- one beer
=item scalar
A scalar is a YAML node that is a single value. By default YAML scalars
are loaded into Perl scalars.
a scalar key: a scalar value
YAML has many styles for representing scalars. This is important because
varying data will have varying formatting requirements to retain the
optimum human readability.
=item plain scalar
A plain scalar is unquoted. All plain scalars are automatic candidates
for "implicit tagging". This means that their tag may be determined
automatically by examination. The typical uses for this are plain alpha
strings, integers, real numbers, dates, times and currency.
- a plain string
- -42
- 3.1415
- 12:34
- 123 this is an error
=item single quoted scalar
This is similar to Perl's use of single quotes. It means no escaping
except for single quotes which are escaped by using two adjacent
single quotes.
- 'When I say ''\n'' I mean "backslash en"'
=item double quoted scalar
This is similar to Perl's use of double quotes. Character escaping can
be used.
- "This scalar\nhas two lines, and a bell -->\a"
=item folded scalar
This is a multiline scalar which begins on the next line. It is
indicated by a single right angle bracket. It is unescaped like the
single quoted scalar. Line folding is also performed.
- >
This is a multiline scalar which begins on
the next line. It is indicated by a single
carat. It is unescaped like the single
quoted scalar. Line folding is also
performed.
=item block scalar
This final multiline form is akin to Perl's here-document except that
(as in all YAML data) scope is indicated by indentation. Therefore, no
ending marker is required. The data is verbatim. No line folding.
- |
QTY DESC PRICE TOTAL
--- ---- ----- -----
1 Foo Fighters $19.95 $19.95
2 Bar Belles $29.95 $59.90
=item parser
A YAML processor has four stages: parse, load, dump, emit.
A parser parses a YAML stream. YAML.pm's Load() function contains a
parser.
=item loader
The other half of the Load() function is a loader. This takes the
information from the parser and loads it into a Perl data structure.
=item dumper
The Dump() function consists of a dumper and an emitter. The dumper
walks through each Perl data structure and gives info to the emitter.
=item emitter
The emitter takes info from the dumper and turns it into a YAML stream.
NOTE:
In YAML.pm the parser/loader and the dumper/emitter code are currently
very closely tied together. In the future they may be broken into
separate stages.
=back
For more information please refer to the immensely helpful YAML
specification available at L<http://www.yaml.org/spec/>.
=head1 ysh - The YAML Shell
The YAML distribution ships with a script called 'ysh', the YAML shell.
ysh provides a simple, interactive way to play with YAML. If you type in
Perl code, it displays the result in YAML. If you type in YAML it turns
it into Perl code.
To run ysh, (assuming you installed it along with YAML.pm) simply type:
ysh [options]
Please read the C<ysh> documentation for the full details. There are
lots of options.
=head1 BUGS & DEFICIENCIES
If you find a bug in YAML, please try to recreate it in the YAML Shell
with logging turned on ('ysh -L'). When you have successfully reproduced
the bug, please mail the LOG file to the author (ingy@cpan.org).
WARNING: This is still *ALPHA* code. Well, most of this code has been
around for years...
BIGGER WARNING: YAML.pm has been slow in the making, but I am committed
to having top notch YAML tools in the Perl world. The YAML team is close
to finalizing the YAML 1.1 spec. This version of YAML.pm is based off of
a very old pre 1.0 spec. In actuality there isn't a ton of difference,
and this YAML.pm is still fairly useful. Things will get much better in
the future.
=head1 RESOURCES
L<http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/yaml-core> is the mailing
list. This is where the language is discussed and designed.
L<http://www.yaml.org> is the official YAML website.
L<http://www.yaml.org/spec/> is the YAML 1.0 specification.
L<http://yaml.kwiki.org> is the official YAML wiki.
=head1 SEE ALSO
See YAML::XS. Fast!
=head1 AUTHOR
Ingy döt Net <ingy@cpan.org>
is resonsible for YAML.pm.
The YAML serialization language is the result of years of collaboration
between Oren Ben-Kiki, Clark Evans and Ingy döt Net. Several others
have added help along the way.
=head1 COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2005, 2006, 2008, 2011-2012. Ingy döt Net.
Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2005. Brian Ingerson.
Some parts copyright (c) 2009 - 2010 Adam Kennedy
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
See L<http://www.perl.com/perl/misc/Artistic.html>
=cut