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<table> <tr><td colspan="2">Unova.in feedback form was submitted with the following information:</td></tr>
<tr><td>Name :</td><td>JameshoxJameshox</td></tr>
<tr><td>Organization:</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Contact No:</td><td>81644499663</td></tr>
<tr><td>Email:</td><td>boiler-repairs092@mail.ru</td></tr>
<tr><td>Location:</td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td>Website:</td><td></td></tr>
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<tr><td>Reference:</td><td>A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid will not boil. (In North America, the word "furnace" is normally used if the purpose is not to boil the liquid.) The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in a variety of procedures or heating applications,[1 - [2 - including drinking water heating, central heating, boiler-based power era, cooking, and sanitation.
Materials
The pressure vessel of a boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or of wrought iron historically. Stainless steel, of the austenitic types especially, is not found in wetted elements of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion breaking.[3 - However, ferritic stainless is often found in superheater sections that won't come in contact with boiling water, and electrically heated stainless steel shell boilers are allowed under the Western "Pressure Equipment Directive" for creation of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors.[4 -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler
In live steam models, copper or brass is often used because it is more fabricated in smaller size boilers easily. Historically, copper was often used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives), due to its better formability and higher thermal conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice and cheaper substitutes (such as metal) are used instead.
For a lot of the Victorian "age group of vapor", the only material used for boilermaking was the best quality of wrought iron, with set up by rivetting. This iron was often from specialist ironworks, such as at Cleator Moor (UK), mentioned for the high quality of their rolled plate and its suitability for high-reliability use in critical applications, such as high-pressure boilers. In the 20th century, design practice instead shifted towards the use of metal, which is stronger and cheaper, with welded structure, which is quicker and requires less labour. It ought to be noted, however, that wrought iron boilers corrode far slower than their modern-day steel counterparts, and are less vunerable to localized stress-corrosion and pitting. This makes the longevity of old wrought-iron boilers much more advanced than those of welded steel boilers.
Cast iron might be used for the heating system vessel of domestic drinking water heaters. Although such heaters are usually termed "boilers" in some countries, their purpose is to create warm water usually, not steam, and they also run at low pressure and stay away from boiling. The brittleness of cast iron makes it impractical for high-pressure steam boilers.
Boiler Repairs Rotherhithe, South Bermondsey, SE16, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-rotherhithe.co.uk - Click here!..
Energy
The foundation of heating for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or natural gas. Electric steam boilers use resistance- or immersion-type heating elements. Nuclear fission is used as a heat source for generating steam also, either directly (BWR) or, in most cases, in specialised high temperature exchangers called "steam generators" (PWR). Temperature recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use heat rejected from other procedures such as gas turbine.
Boiler efficiency
there are two solutions to gauge the boiler efficiency 1) direct method 2) indirect method
Direct method -direct method of boiler efficiency test is more usable or even more common
boiler efficiency =Q*((Hg-Hf)/q)*(GCV *100 ) Q =Total steam stream Hg= Enthalpy of saturated vapor in k cal/kg Hf =Enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg q= level of energy use in kg/hr GCV =gross calorific value in kcal/kg like family pet coke (8200 kcal/KG)
indirect method -to measure the boiler efficiency in indirect method, we are in need of a following parameter like
Ultimate analysis of energy (H2,S2,S,C moisture constraint, ash constraint)
percentage of O2 or CO2 at flue gas
flue gas temperature at outlet
ambient temperature in deg c and humidity of air in kg/kg
GCV of energy in kcal/kg
ash percentage in combustible fuel
GCV of ash in kcal/kg
Configurations
Boilers can be classified in to the following configurations:
Container boiler or Haycock boiler/Haystack boiler: a primitive "kettle" in which a fireplace heats a partially filled drinking water pot from below. 18th century Haycock boilers produced and stored large amounts of very low-pressure vapor generally, hardly above that of the atmosphere often. These could burn wood or most often, coal. Efficiency was very low.
Flued boiler with one or two large flues-an early type or forerunner of fire-tube boiler.
Diagram of the fire-tube boiler
Fire-tube boiler: Here, water partially fills a boiler barrel with a small volume still left above to support the steam (vapor space). This is the kind of boiler used in almost all steam locomotives. The heat source is in the furnace or firebox that needs to be held completely surrounded by the water in order to keep up the temperatures of the heating system surface below the boiling point. The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the road of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating surface which may be further increased by causing the gases reverse direction through another parallel pipe or a lot of money of multiple pipes (two-pass or come back flue boiler); additionally the gases may be studied along the edges and then beneath the boiler through flues (3-pass boiler). In case there is a locomotive-type boiler, a boiler barrel extends from the firebox and the hot gases pass through a lot of money of fire pipes inside the barrel which greatly escalates
the heating surface in comparison to a single tube and further boosts heat transfer. Fire-tube boilers have a comparatively low rate of vapor creation usually, but high steam storage capacity. Fire-tube boilers mainly burn off solid fuels, but are readily adaptable to the people of the gas or water variety.
Diagram of a water-tube boiler.
Water-tube boiler: In this kind, pipes filled up with water are arranged inside a furnace in a genuine quantity of possible configurations. Water tubes connect large drums Often, the lower ones filled with water and top of the ones steam and water; in other cases, such as a mono-tube boiler, drinking water is circulated with a pump through a succession of coils. This kind provides high steam production rates generally, but less storage space capacity than the above mentioned. Water tube boilers can be designed to exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications because the high-pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter pipes which can withstand the pressure with a thinner wall structure.
Flash boiler: A flash boiler is a specialized type of water-tube boiler in which pipes are close together and drinking water is pumped through them. A flash boiler differs from the kind of mono-tube vapor generator in which the tube is permanently filled up with water. In a flash boiler, the pipe is held so hot that water feed is quickly flashed into vapor and superheated. Flash boilers had some use in cars in the 19th century and this use continued into the early 20th century. .
1950s design vapor locomotive boiler, from a Victorian Railways J class
Fire-tube boiler with Water-tube firebox. Sometimes the two above types have been combined in the following manner: the firebox contains an set up of water tubes, called thermic siphons. The gases pass through a conventional firetube boiler then. Water-tube fireboxes were installed in many Hungarian locomotives,[citation needed - but have met with little success far away.
Sectional boiler. In a cast iron sectional boiler, sometimes called a "pork chop boiler" water is included inside cast iron areas.[citation needed - These areas are assembled on site to create the finished boiler.
Safety
See also: Boiler explosion
To define and secure boilers safely, some professional specialized organizations such as the American Society of Mechanical Technicians (ASME) develop standards and regulation rules. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is a typical providing a wide range of guidelines and directives to ensure compliance of the boilers and other pressure vessels with protection, design and security standards.[5 -
Historically, boilers were a source of many serious injuries and property destruction as a consequence to poorly understood engineering principles. Thin and brittle steel shells can rupture, while welded or riveted seams could start poorly, leading to a violent eruption of the pressurized vapor. When drinking water is converted to steam it expands to over 1,000 times its original quantity and travels down vapor pipes at over 100 kilometres each hour. Because of this, steam is a superb way of moving energy and high temperature around a niche site from a central boiler house to where it is necessary, but with no right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising place are affected from size corrosion and formation. At best, this boosts energy costs and can lead to poor quality vapor, reduced efficiency, shorter vegetation and unreliable procedure. At worst, it can result in catastrophic loss and failing of life. Collapsed or dislodged boiler pipes can also spray scalding-hot steam and
smoke from the air intake and firing chute, injuring the firemen who insert the coal into the fire chamber. Extremely large boilers providing hundreds of horsepower to operate factories can potentially demolish entire buildings.[6 -
A boiler that has a loss of give food to water and is permitted to boil dry can be extremely dangerous. If supply drinking water is sent into the unfilled boiler then, the small cascade of inbound water instantly boils on contact with the superheated metallic shell and leads to a violent explosion that cannot be managed even by security steam valves. Draining of the boiler can also happen if a leak occurs in the vapor supply lines that is bigger than the make-up water source could replace. The Hartford Loop was created in 1919 by the Hartford Steam Boiler and Insurance Company as a strategy to help prevent this condition from happening, and thereby reduce their insurance claims.[7 - [8 -
Superheated steam boiler
A superheated boiler on the steam locomotive.
Main article: Superheater
Most boilers produce steam to be used at saturation heat range; that is, saturated steam. Superheated steam boilers vaporize the water and additional heat up the steam in a superheater then. This provides steam at higher heat range, but can reduce the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating place because the bigger vapor heat range takes a higher flue gas exhaust temp.[citation needed - There are many ways to circumvent this problem, typically by giving an economizer that heats the feed drinking water, a combustion air heating unit in the hot flue gas exhaust path, or both. You will find advantages to superheated vapor that may, and will often, increase overall efficiency of both steam generation and its own utilization: benefits in input heat range to a turbine should outweigh any cost in additional boiler complication and expense. There may also be practical restrictions in using wet steam, as entrained condensation droplets will harm turbine blades.
Superheated steam presents unique safety concerns because, if any operational system component fails and allows steam to escape, the high temperature and pressure can cause serious, instantaneous injury to anyone in its path. Since the escaping steam will initially be completely superheated vapor, detection can be difficult, although the extreme heat and sound from such a leak indicates its existence clearly.
Superheater operation is similar to that of the coils on an air conditioning unit, although for a different purpose. The vapor piping is directed through the flue gas route in the boiler furnace. The heat range in this field is between 1 typically,300 and 1,600 °C (2,372 and 2,912 °F). Some superheaters are radiant type; that is, they absorb heat by radiation. Others are convection type, absorbing warmth from a fluid. Some are a mixture of both types. Through either method, the extreme heat in the flue gas path will also warmth the superheater vapor piping and the steam within. While the temperature of the steam in the superheater goes up, the pressure of the vapor does not and the pressure remains exactly like that of the boiler.[9 - Virtually all steam superheater system designs remove droplets entrained in the steam to avoid damage to the turbine blading and associated piping.
Supercritical steam generator
Boiler for a charged power flower.
Main article: Supercritical steam generator
Supercritical steam generators are generally used for the production of electric power. They operate at supercritical pressure. As opposed to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a higher pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa) that the physical turbulence that characterizes boiling ceases to occur; the fluid is neither liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid. There is absolutely no era of steam bubbles within the water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point at which vapor bubbles can form. As the fluid expands through the turbine levels, its thermodynamic condition drops below the critical point as it can work turning the turbine which turns the power generator from which power is ultimately extracted. The fluid at that time may be considered a mix of vapor and liquid droplets as it goes by into the condenser. This results in less fuel use and for that reason less greenhouse gas production slightly. The term "boiler" should not b
e used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" occurs in this product.
Boiler Repairs Rotherhithe, South Bermondsey, SE16, Boiler Breakdown Emergency Service http://boiler-repairs-rotherhithe.co.uk - Click here...
Accessories
Boiler fittings and accessories
Pressuretrols to control the steam pressure in the boiler. Boilers generally have 2 or 3 3 pressuretrols: a manual-reset pressuretrol, which functions as a protection by setting top of the limit of vapor pressure, the working pressuretrol, which controls when the boiler fires to keep pressure, as well as for boilers equipped with a modulating burner, a modulating pressuretrol which controls the quantity of fire.
Security valve: It can be used to alleviate pressure and stop possible explosion of a boiler.
Water level indications: They show the operator the amount of liquid in the boiler, known as a sight glass also, water measure or drinking water column.
Bottom level blowdown valves: They provide a means for removing solid particulates that condense and rest on the bottom of the boiler. As the name indicates, this valve is located directly on underneath of the boiler usually, and is occasionally opened to use the pressure in the boiler to press these particulates out.
Constant blowdown valve: This enables a small level of water to flee continuously. Its purpose is to prevent water in the boiler becoming saturated with dissolved salts. Saturation would lead to foaming and cause water droplets to be transported over with the steam - an ailment known as priming. Blowdown is often used to monitor the chemistry of the boiler water also.
Trycock: a type of valve that is often use to manually check a water level in a tank. Most commonly entirely on a drinking water boiler.
Flash container: High-pressure blowdown enters this vessel where in fact the vapor can 'flash' safely and become used in a low-pressure system or be vented to atmosphere while the ambient pressure blowdown moves to drain.
Automatic blowdown/continuous heat recovery system: This technique allows the boiler to blowdown only when make-up water is flowing to the boiler, thereby transferring the utmost amount of heat possible from the blowdown to the make-up water. No flash tank is normally needed as the blowdown discharged is near to the temperature of the makeup water.
Hand openings: These are steel plates installed in openings in "header" to allow for inspections & installing pipes and inspection of internal surfaces.
Steam drum internals, some screen, scrubber & cans (cyclone separators).
Low-water cutoff: It is a mechanical means (usually a float change) that is utilized to turn from the burner or shut down gasoline to the boiler to avoid it from running once the drinking water goes below a certain point. If a boiler is "dry-fired" (burned without drinking water in it) it can cause rupture or catastrophic failing.
Surface blowdown range: It offers a way for removing foam or other lightweight non-condensible chemicals that have a tendency to float together with water inside the boiler.
Circulating pump: It is made to circulate drinking water back to the boiler after it has expelled some of its heat.
Feedwater check valve or clack valve: A non-return stop valve in the feedwater line. This can be fitted to the medial side of the boiler, just below water level, or to the top of the boiler.[10 -
Top give food to: Within this design for feedwater injection, water is fed to the top of the boiler. This may reduce boiler fatigue caused by thermal stress. By spraying the feedwater over some trays water is quickly warmed which can reduce limescale.
Desuperheater tubes or bundles: A series of tubes or bundles of tubes in the water drum or the vapor drum designed to cool superheated steam, in order to supply auxiliary equipment that does not need, or may be damaged by, dry vapor.
Chemical injection line: A link with add chemicals for controlling feedwater pH.
Steam accessories
Main steam stop valve:
Steam traps:
Main vapor stop/check valve: It is used on multiple boiler installations.
Combustion accessories
Fuel oil system:energy oil heaters
Gas system:
Coal system:
Soot blower
Other essential items
Pressure gauges:
Feed pumps:
Fusible plug:
Inspectors test pressure gauge attachment:
Name dish:
Registration dish:</td></tr>
<tr><td>Programme Name:</td><td>Engineering Energy and Leadership for Personal Success (Two Day Workshop)</td></tr>
<tr><td>Date:</td><td><b>Date:</b> 14-15 Oct 2014</td></tr>
</table>
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