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class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap"> <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation"> <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i> <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a> </nav> <div class="wy-nav-content"> <div class="rst-content"> <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation"> <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs"> <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> »</li> <li><a href="index.html">Tutorial</a> »</li> <li>Static pages</li> <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside"> </li> <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe"> <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" /> </div> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div role="main" class="document"> <div class="section" id="static-pages"> <h1>Static pages<a class="headerlink" href="#static-pages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Note:</strong> This tutorial assumes you’ve downloaded CodeIgniter and <a class="reference internal" href="../installation/index.html"><em>installed the framework</em></a> in your development environment.</p> <p>The first thing you’re going to do is set up a <strong>controller</strong> to handle static pages. A controller is simply a class that helps delegate work. It is the glue of your web application.</p> <p>For example, when a call is made to:</p> <blockquote> <div><a class="reference external" href="http://example.com/news/latest/10">http://example.com/news/latest/10</a></div></blockquote> <p>We might imagine that there is a controller named “news”. The method being called on news would be “latest”. The news method’s job could be to grab 10 news items, and render them on the page. Very often in MVC, you’ll see URL patterns that match:</p> <blockquote> <div><a class="reference external" href="http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments">http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments</a>]</div></blockquote> <p>As URL schemes become more complex, this may change. But for now, this is all we will need to know.</p> <p>Create a file at <em>application/controllers/Pages.php</em> with the following code.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o"><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Pages</span> <span class="k">extends</span> <span class="nx">CI_Controller</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'home'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>You have created a class named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></tt>, with a view method that accepts one argument named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$page</span></tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></tt> class is extending the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></tt> class. This means that the new pages class can access the methods and variables defined in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CI_Controller</span></tt> class (<em>system/core/Controller.php</em>).</p> <p>The <strong>controller is what will become the center of every request</strong> to your web application. In very technical CodeIgniter discussions, it may be referred to as the <em>super object</em>. Like any php class, you refer to it within your controllers as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></tt>. Referring to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$this</span></tt> is how you will load libraries, views, and generally command the framework.</p> <p>Now you’ve created your first method, it’s time to make some basic page templates. We will be creating two “views” (page templates) that act as our page footer and header.</p> <p>Create the header at <em>application/views/templates/header.php</em> and add the following code:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">></span><span class="nx">CodeIgniter</span> <span class="nx">Tutorial</span><span class="o"></</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"></</span><span class="nx">head</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">h1</span><span class="o">><?</span><span class="nx">php</span> <span class="k">echo</span> <span class="nv">$title</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="nt"></h1></span> </pre></div> </div> <p>The header contains the basic HTML code that you’ll want to display before loading the main view, together with a heading. It will also output the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></tt> variable, which we’ll define later in the controller. Now, create a footer at <em>application/views/templates/footer.php</em> that includes the following code:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre> <span class="o"><</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">>&</span><span class="nb">copy</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="mi">2015</span><span class="o"></</span><span class="nx">em</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"></</span><span class="nx">body</span><span class="o">></span> <span class="o"></</span><span class="nx">html</span><span class="o">></span> </pre></div> </div> <div class="section" id="adding-logic-to-the-controller"> <h2>Adding logic to the controller<a class="headerlink" href="#adding-logic-to-the-controller" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>Earlier you set up a controller with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></tt> method. The method accepts one parameter, which is the name of the page to be loaded. The static page templates will be located in the <em>application/views/pages/</em> directory.</p> <p>In that directory, create two files named <em>home.php</em> and <em>about.php</em>. Within those files, type some text − anything you’d like − and save them. If you like to be particularly un-original, try “Hello World!”.</p> <p>In order to load those pages, you’ll have to check whether the requested page actually exists:</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">function</span> <span class="nf">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'home'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="o">!</span> <span class="nb">file_exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">APPPATH</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">'views/pages/'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="s1">'.php'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// Whoops, we don't have a page for that!</span> <span class="nx">show_404</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'title'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">ucfirst</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="c1">// Capitalize the first letter</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/header'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'pages/'</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="nv">$page</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nv">$this</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">load</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">view</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'templates/footer'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nv">$data</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Now, when the page does exist, it is loaded, including the header and footer, and displayed to the user. If the page doesn’t exist, a “404 Page not found” error is shown.</p> <p>The first line in this method checks whether the page actually exists. PHP’s native <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">file_exists()</span></tt> function is used to check whether the file is where it’s expected to be. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">show_404()</span></tt> is a built-in CodeIgniter function that renders the default error page.</p> <p>In the header template, the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></tt> variable was used to customize the page title. The value of title is defined in this method, but instead of assigning the value to a variable, it is assigned to the title element in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></tt> array.</p> <p>The last thing that has to be done is loading the views in the order they should be displayed. The second parameter in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></tt> method is used to pass values to the view. Each value in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data</span></tt> array is assigned to a variable with the name of its key. So the value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$data['title']</span></tt> in the controller is equivalent to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$title</span></tt> in the view.</p> </div> <div class="section" id="routing"> <h2>Routing<a class="headerlink" href="#routing" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2> <p>The controller is now functioning! Point your browser to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">[your-site-url]index.php/pages/view</span></tt> to see your page. When you visit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.php/pages/view/about</span></tt> you’ll see the about page, again including the header and footer.</p> <p>Using custom routing rules, you have the power to map any URI to any controller and method, and break free from the normal convention: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://example.com/[controller-class]/[controller-method]/[arguments]</span></tt></p> <p>Let’s do that. Open the routing file located at <em>application/config/routes.php</em> and add the following two lines. Remove all other code that sets any element in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$route</span></tt> array.</p> <div class="highlight-ci"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'default_controller'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'pages/view'</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nv">$route</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'(:any)'</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'pages/view/$1'</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>CodeIgniter reads its routing rules from top to bottom and routes the request to the first matching rule. Each rule is a regular expression (left-side) mapped to a controller and method name separated by slashes (right-side). When a request comes in, CodeIgniter looks for the first match, and calls the appropriate controller and method, possibly with arguments.</p> <p>More information about routing can be found in the URI Routing <a class="reference internal" href="../general/routing.html"><em>documentation</em></a>.</p> <p>Here, the second rule in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$routes</span></tt> array matches <strong>any</strong> request using the wildcard string <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(:any)</span></tt>. and passes the parameter to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></tt> method of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Pages</span></tt> class.</p> <p>Now visit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.php/about</span></tt>. Did it get routed correctly to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">view()</span></tt> method in the pages controller? Awesome!</p> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation"> <a href="news_section.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="News section">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a> <a href="index.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Tutorial"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a> </div> <hr/> <div role="contentinfo"> <p> © Copyright 2014 - 2016, British Columbia Institute of Technology. Last updated on Mar 21, 2016. </p> </div> Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>. </footer> </div> </div> </section> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = { URL_ROOT:'../', VERSION:'3.0.6', COLLAPSE_INDEX:false, FILE_SUFFIX:'.html', HAS_SOURCE: false }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/js/theme.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function () { SphinxRtdTheme.StickyNav.enable(); }); </script> </body> </html>